Grammar structures

WYRAŻENIE

TŁUMACZENIE

PRZYKŁADY

ENOUGH

WYSTARCZAJĄCO

ENOUGH+noun

I have enough money to buy a new car.

ENOUGH+adjective

I am rich enough to buy a new car

QUESTION TAGS

CZYŻ NIE?

PRAWDA?

Tom is at school, isn't he?

I am your friend, aren't I?

Filip has never seen this film, has he?

Be quiet, will you?

Let's go to the cinema, shall we?

She doesn't like spinach, does she?

ALTHOUGH=EVEN THOUGH

DESPITE=IN SPITE OF

MIMO ŻE

Although Jenny was young, she won the competition.

Even though Jenny was young, she won the competition.

Despite her young age, Jenny won the competition.

In spite of her young age, Jenny won the competition.

In spite of the fact that Jenny was young, she won the competition.

FUTURE PERFECT

They will have built the house by 2005. (=They will build the house in 2005)

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

At 5 p.m. we will have been driving for 2 hours.

STOP DOING

PRZESTAĆ COS ROBIĆ

Maggie stopped drinking last month.

STOP TO DO

ZATRzYMAĆ SIĘ ABY COŚ ZROBIĆ

Maggie stopped to drink a glass of water on her way to the cinema.

TRY TO DO

PRÓBOWAĆ COŚ ROBIĆ

I tried to close the door very quietly.

TRY DOING

PRÓBOWAĆ ZROBIENIA CZEGOŚ

The cake did not taste good so I tried adding some sugar to it.

MEAN+VERB+ING

ZNACZYĆ

Being a manager means spending a lot of time in the office.

MEAN+TO VERB

MIEC ZAMIAR

She didn't mean to hurt you.

START/BEGIN TO DO

I started/began to write an essay last evening.

START/BEGIN DOING

I started/began writing an essay last evening.

LIKE DOING

I like watching TV in the evenings.

LIKE TO DO

I like to watch TV in the evening from time to time.

HATE DOING

NIENAWIDZIĆ

I hate writing tests.

HATE TO DO

ROBIĆ COŚ Z NIECHĘCIĄ

I hate to inform you that you've failed the last test.

REMEMBER TO DO

PAMIĘTAĆ ŻEBY COŚ ZROBIĆ

I always remember to lock the doors.

REMEMBER DOING

PAMIĘTAĆ ŻE COS SIĘ ZROBIŁO

I remember locking the doors yesterday evening, before I left to Barcelona. (=I remember that I locked it.)

FORGET TO DO

ZAPOMIEĆ COŚ ZROBIĆ

I forgot to lock the doors (=I didn't lock it)

FORGET DOING

ZAPOMIEĆ ŻE SIĘ COŚ ZROBIŁO

I forgot locking the doors. (I locked it but then I forgot that I had done it.)

WANT TO DO SOMETHING

CHCIEĆ COŚ ZROBIĆ

I want to bake a cake.

WANT SOMEBODY TO DO SOMETHING

CHCIEĆ,ŻEBY KTOS COŚ ZROBIŁ

I want you/her/them/us/Jim/to bake a cake.

What do you want us to do?

WANT SOMETHING TO HAPPEN

CHCIEĆ ABY COŚ SIĘ STAŁO

I want the weekend to begin.

TO (DO), SO THAT, SO AS (NOT) TO

ŻEBY

He works hard to have money for a new car.

He works hard so that his family can/will have money for a new car.

He worked hard so that his family could/would have money for a new car.

I opened the door quietly so as not to wake my husband.

EACH OTHER

SIEBIE NAWZAJEM (JESLI CHODZI O DWIE OSOBY)

We like each other. (I like you and you like me).

ONE ANOTHER

SIEBIE NAWZAJEM (JESLI CHODZI O WIĘCEJ NIŻ DWIE OSOBY)

Students in my class like one another (Everyone likes everyone)

THEMSELVES

(SIĘ, SIEBIE SAMYCH)

They like themselves (She likes herself and he likes himself)

MANY, MUCH, A LOT OF

DUŻO

I have many new books.

I have a lot of free time (NIE much )

I haven't got much free time.

A LITTLE, LITTLE, (LITTLE-LEAST-THE LEAST)

I have a little wine (trochę) -it's not ebough for six people.

I have little wine (niedużo)-I'll buy a bottle when I'm at the supermarket.

A FEW, FEW 

(FEW-FEWER-THE FEWEST)

I have a fiew friends (kilku, paru) =not too many but it's enough for me

I have few friends (niewielu, mało)=I'd like to have more.

TOO, EITHER

TEŻ

I can speak French. Tom can speak French too.

I can't speak German. Tom can't speak German either.

SO

TEŻ, RÓWNIEŻ

I can speak French. So can Tom

He is smart. So are his parents.

Amy went to the shop. So did Alec.

NEITHER

TEŻ (NIE)

I can't speak French. Neither can Tom.

He isn't smart. Neither are his parents.

Mary doesn't like spinach. Neither do I.

Amy didn't go to the shop. Neither did Alec.

SECOND

THE OTHER

DRUGI (GDY JEST MOWA O WIĘCEJ NIŻ O DWÓCH)

DRUGI (GDY MOWA TYLKO O DWÓCH)

My first daughter was born in 1982. My second daughter was born in 1985.

The church is on the other side of the river. (NIE second)

OTHER +NOUN

OTHERS

INNI (LUDZIE)

INNI

Some people like coffe with milk.

Other people prefer black coffe.

Others prefer black coffe.

THE OTHER

THE OTHERS

Mary and Jane went to the cinema.

The other girls stayed at the hostel

The others stayed at the hostel.

ANOTHER

Take another piece of cake. (jeszcze jedn, kolejnykawałek ciasta).

He's got another girl (kolejną, nową).

WOULD RATHER

WOULD RATHER DO SOMETHING

WOULD SOMEBODY DID SOMETHING

WOLEĆ, RACZEJ

I would rather go to the pub.

I would rather she went to the pub.

HAD BETTER

HAD BETTER DO SOMETHING

LEPIEJ

I had better go home.

You'd better go home.

HAVE SOMETHING DONE

GOT SOMETHING DONE

MIEC COŚ ZROBIONE

I had my car repaired (I went to the mechanic's)

I got my car repaired. (=I went to the mechanic's)

HAVE SOMEBODY DO SOMETHING

GET SOMEBODY TO DO SOMETHING

KTOŚ COŚ DLA CIEBIE ROBI

I had a mechanic repair my car.

I got a mechanic to repair my car.

IT'S (HIGH) TIME

IT'S TIME TO DO STH

IT'S TIME FOR SB TO DO STH

IT'S TIME SB DID STH

CZAS NA...

It's (high) time to tidy the room.

It's (high) time for you to tidy the room.

It's (high) time you tidied the room.

MIND

MIEC COŚ PRZECIWKO CZEMUŚ

Would you mind closing the door? (=Could you close the door?)

Would you mind me closing the door? (=Can I close the door?)

Would you mind if I closed the door? (=Can I close the door?)

Do you mind if I close the door? (=Can I close the door?)

USED TO DO STH

BE USED TO DOING STH

GET USED TO DOING STH

NO USE DOING STH

MIEC ZWYCZAJ COS ROBIĆ (W PRZESZŁOŚCI)

BYC DO CZEGOŚ PRZYZWYCZAJONYM

PZRYWYKNĄC DO CZEGOS, PRZYZWYCZAIĆ SIĘ

NIE MA SENSU

When I was a child I used to wake up at 6 a. m. (But I don't wake up at 6 a.m. now)

I am used to waking up at 6 a.m.

I got used to waking up at 6. a.m

There's no use talking to you, you're not listening to me!

INFINITIVES

TO DO STH

TO BE DOING STH

TO HAVE DONE STH

TO HAVE BEEN DOING

People say that she earns a lot.--> She is said TO EARN a lot.

People say that she is earning a lot. --> She is said TO BE EARNING a lot.

People say that she earned a lot.--> She is said TO HAVE EARNED a lot.

People say that she was earning a lot.--> She is said TO HAVE BEEN EARNING a lot.

I would like to go on that trip

I would like to have gone on that trip.

You should't lie to me.

You shouldn't have lied to me.

SUGGEST

SUGGEST DOING STH

SUGGEST (THAT) SB (SHOULD) DO STH

PROPONOWAĆ

I suggest watching TV.

I sugest that you should watch TV.

I sugest you should watch TV.

I sugest that you watch TV.

I sugest you watch TV.

SEE

SEE SB DO STH

SEE SB DOING STH

WIDZIEĆ JAK KTOŚ COŚ ZROBIŁ (CAŁA CZYNNOŚĆ)

WIDZIEĆ JAK KTOŚ COS ROBIŁ (CZĘŚC CZYNNOŚCI)

I saw her break the window.

I saw her dancing.

HEAR

HEAR SB DO STH

HEAR SB DOING STH

SŁYSZEĆ JAK KTOŚ COŚ ZROBIŁ (CAŁA CZYNNOŚĆ)

SŁYSZEĆ JAK KTOŚ COS ROBIŁ (CZĘŚC CZYNNOŚCI)

I heard him swear.

I heard him playing the piano.

MAKE

MAKE SB DO STH

BE MADE TO DO STH

ZMUSIĆ KOGOŚ DO CZEGOŚ

ZOSTAC DO CZEGOS ZMUSZONYM

I made her apologize for her behaviour.

She was made to apologize for her behaviour.

CAUSE SB TO DO STH

POWODOWAĆ COŚ

The flood caused many people to lose their houses.

LET SB DO STH

POZWOLIĆ KOMUŚ COŚ ZROBIĆ

I let my daughter come back before midnight.

ALLOW

ALLOW SB TO DO STH

BE ALLOWED TO DO STH

POZWLOIĆ

MIEĆ NA COŚ POZWOLENIE

I allow my daughter to come back before midnight.

My daughter is alowed to come back before midnight.

BE TO DO STH

AM/IS/ARE

WAS/WERE

MIEC COS ZROBIĆ

You are to come at 6 p.m. (Masz przyjść o 6.)

You were to come at 6 p.m. (Miałes przyjść o 6).

UZYCIE OPERATORÓW W ZDANIACH TWERDZĄCYCH

DO/DOES, DID

W CELU PODKREŚLENIA

I do believe you.

He does hate me.

I did tell you, don't you remember?

FEEL LIKE DOING STH

MIEĆ OCHOTE NA COŚ

I feel like having a cup of coffee.

CAN'T HELP DOING STH

NIE MÓC SIĘ OD CZEGOŚ POWSTRZYMAĆ, NIE MÓC NIC NA COŚ PORADZIĆ

The film was so sad that I couldn't help crying.

The tedy bear was so fluffy that the child couldn't help touching it.

IN CASE

IN CASE STH HAPPENS

IN CASE STH HAPPENED

IN CASE STH SHOULD HAPPEN

W RAZIE, NA WYPADEK

I will take a coat in case it gets cold.

I took a coat in case it got cold.

It's very warm now but take your coat in case it should get cold.

LOOK FORWARD TO DOING STH

NIE MÓC SIĘ CZEGOS DOCZEKAĆ (CZEGOŚ PRZYJEMNEGO)

I'm looking forward to going to Desneyland. (Nie moge sie doczekać, kiedy pojade do Disneylandu.)

OBJECT TO

OBJECT TO DOING STH

OBJECT TO SB DOING STH

SPRZECIWIAC SIĘ

My mother objected to selling the house.

My mother objected to my selling the house.

NEED

NEED TO DO STH

NEED DOING STH

NEED TO BE DONE

POTRZEBOWAĆ

You need to tidy your room

Your room needs tidying.

Your room need to be tidied.

PREFER

PREFER DOING STH

WOULD PREFER TO DO STH

WOLEC COŚ

I prefer travelling by train.

I'd prefer to drink orange juice.

THE FIRST TIME

PIERWSZY RAZ

It is the first time I have been to London.

It was the first time I had been to London.

SO + ADJECTIVE

DO PODKRESLENIA PRZYMIOTNIKA

You are so smart.

SUCH + NOUN

You are such a smart boy.

Such long hair.

Such a long time

THIS

THAT

TEN/TA/TO

TAMTEN/TAMTA/TAMTO

This girl.

That girl.

THESE

THOSE

CI/TE

TAMI/TAMTE

These people.

Those people.

COULD

WAS ABLE TO

MANAGE

SUCCEED

She could swim when she was 4. (Umiała pływać, gdy miała 4 lata-->stałą umiejętność).

She was able to swim 3 km. (Udało jej się, zdołała przepłynąc 3 km-->czynnośc jednorazowa)

She managed to swim 3 km (Zdołała/udało jej się przepłynąc 3 km.)

She succeeded in swimming 3 km. (Zdołała/udało jej się przepłynąc 3 km).

THE...THE...

IM...TYM...

The sooner the better (im szybciej tym lepiej).

The less you study the worse grades you get.

The more she works, the less time she has for her family.

WHO

KTÓRY/KTÓRA

This is a woman. She is my neighbour.= This is a woman who is my neighbour.

WHO

O KTÓRYM/KTÓREJ

This is a woman. I told you about her.= This is a woman who I told you about.

This is a woman about whom I told you.

WHOSE

KTÓREGO/KTOREJ

This is a woman. Her daughter is my neighbour.= This is a woman whose daughter is my neighbour.

WHOM

to whom/about whom/with whom

This is a woman about whom I told you.

WHICH

KTÓRY (w odniesieniu do przedmiotów, zwierząt)

CO

A giraffe is an animal which has a long neck.

Mary failed the exam which (NIE "what") was a surprise for everyone.

AS IF/AS THOUGH

JAK GDYBY, TAK JAKBY

sytuacja rzeczywista: Tom has just passed his final exam and he looks as if/as though he is very happy. (Tom is happy)

sytuacja nierzeczywista: Tom looks as if /as though he was crying but in fact the redness of his eyes is the result of his allergy to cats.

FIRST/LAST/NEXT TO DO STH

PIERWSZY/NASTĘPNY/OSTATNI W CZYMS/W ZROBIENIU CZEGOŚ

I was the first to leave the part.

IF ONLY

JESLI TYLKO/GDYBY TYLKO

If only I could tell you the truth (2nd conditional)

If only you had told me about it earlier. (3rd conditional)

IT IS

JEST

It is early.

It is windy.

It is half past five p.m.

It is Saturday.

It is getting late/hot. (Robi się późno/gorąco)

It is easy to learn to swim.

It is good to have you by my side.

THERE IS/ARE

JEST/SĄ

There is a lamp on the desk.

There are two lamps on the desk.

THERE IS....LEFT

ZOSTAŁO

There is a litle cake left.

There isn't any bread left.

There aren't any bananas left

We have no time left. Nie mamy czasu).

ONE

One should not throw rubbish in the street. (Nie powinno się wyrzucac smieci na ulicy)

One drive on the right side of the road in Poland. (W Polsce jeździ się prawą stroną.)

SEEM

WYDAWAC SIĘ

It seems that she is intelligent.

She seems to be intelligent.

It seems that she was intelligent.

She seems to have been intelligent.

AS...AS...

TAK...JAK...

I am as tall as you.

THE REASON FOR

THE REASON WHY

POWÓD, PRZYCZYNA

She failed the exam because she hadn't studied hard enough.

The reason for her failing the exam was that she hadn't studied hard enough.

The reason why she failed the exam was that she hadn't studied hard enogh.

SINCE

Present Perfect + since + Past Simple

It's days/weeks/months/years.....

ODKĄD

I haven't been to ZOO since I was eleven years old.

It's years since I've been to ZOO. (it's years = many years have passed)

ANY - NO

ANYBODY-NOBODY

ANYTHING-NOTHING

I cannot see anybody.

I can see nobody.

EVERYBODY/EVERYONE + czasownik w 3 os. l.poj.

KAŻDY

Everyone likes chocolate.

Everybody is having a good time at your party.

PAST (SEQUENCE OF TENSES)

He was sure that Mary would go home earlier. (NIE "will")

Andy thought that I was at school at that time. (NIE "is")

Dad was sure that I hadn't broken the window. (NIE "didn't)

INDIRECT QUESTIONS

Where does she work?-->Tell me where she works.

What did you get for birthday?-->Tell me what you got for birthday.

What are you reading?--->Can you tell me what you are reading?

What will hedo?--->Do you know what he will do?

MY/YOUR/HIS/HER/ITS/OUR/THEIR

SWÓJ/SWOJA/SWOJE

I must pay my debts.

You must pay your debts.

She must pay her debts.

He must pay his debts.

The dog has its kennel.

We must pay our debts.

They must pay their debts.

Everyone must pay their debts.

MINE/YOURS/HIS/HERS/OURS/THEIRS

It is my pen. It's mine.

It is your pen. It's yours.

It is his pen. It's his.

It is her pen. It's hers.

It is our pen. It's ours.

It is their pen. It's theirs.

Whose pen is this?

It's my pen.(NIE It's mine pen).

It's mine. (NIE It's my).

SO

She is nice. So are you.

I can swim. So can Tom.

My brother works in bank. So does mine.

NEITHER/NOR

She isn't nice. Neither/nor are you.

I can't swim. Neither/nor can Tom.

My brother doesn't work in a bank. Neither/nor does mine.

ARRIVE

ARRIVE IN A CITY/COUNTRY

ARRIVE AT A PLACE

PRZYJEŻDŻAĆ, PRZYBYWAĆ

I arrived in Paris/ France yesterday.

I arrived at my house very late.

(UNLIKELY) TO DO STH

WYRAŻENIE PRAWDOPODOBIEŃSA

Mary will probably visit me today.

Mary is likely to visit me today.

It is likely that Mary will visit me today.

I think Mary will not visit me today.

Mary is unlikely to visit me today.

It is unlikely that Mary will not visit me today.

NEITHER

NONE

NIKT/ŻADEN spośród ...

Mary and Agnes applied for the post of a translator but neither of them got the job.

Many people applied for the post of a translator but none of them got the job.

IF

UNLESS (IF NOT)

AS SOON AS

WHEN

AFTER

BEFORE

TILL/UNTIL

ONCE

THE MOMENT

PROVIDED THAT

PROVIDING THAT

AS LONG AS

IN CASE

BY THE TIME

SUPPOSE

WHAT IF

JEŚLI

JEŚLI NIE

JAK TYLKO/ZARAZ JAK

KIEDY/GDY

PO/GDY

ZANIM

AŻ DO/DOPÓKI

GDY JUŻ

KIEDY/GDY

POD WARUNKIEM ŻE

POD WARUNKIEM ŻE

TAK DŁUGO JAK

NA WYPADEK

DO CZASU/ZANIM

PRZYPUŚĆMY/POWIEDZMY

A GDYBY TAK/CO JESLI...

If you feel better, come to the party.

Unless you apologise, I'll tell your mum about everything.

I'll visit you as soon as I come back from Paris.

When she comes, give me a ring.

I'll give you a ring after I meet him.

I must tidy my room before I leave.

I won't go until/till you promise me to tell the truth.

Once she explains everything, I'll know what to do.

I'll give you a call the moment I know the results of the exam.

I'll lend you the book provided that you give it back next week.

I'll lend you the book providing that you give it back next week.

I will look after you as long as you are ill.

I'll take a bottle of water with me in case I am thirsty.

I will have finished painting by the time you come back.

I don't like her but suppose I help her.

What if I go on holidays to Greece?

CONDITIONALS

TYPE 1-dotyczy przyszłości, warunek mozliwy do spełnienia

TYPE 2- dotyczy teraźniejszości/przyszłości, warunek niemozliwy do spełnienia

TYPE 3-dotyczy przeszłości, niemożliwy do spełnienia

TYP3+2-PRZESZŁOŚC+TERAŹNIEJSZOŚĆ

TYP2+3-TERAŹNIEJSZOŚĆ+PRZESZŁOŚĆ

TYP 0-COŚ CO JEST ZAWSZE PRAWDZIWE

OKRESY WARUNKOWE

If I am rich, I will buy a huge mansion.

IF + PRESENT SIMPLE, + FUTURE SIMPLE

If I was/were rich, I would buy a large mansion.

IF + PAST SIMPLE, + WOULD

If she had been rich, she would have bought a large mansion.

IF + PAST PERFECT, +WOULD HAVE CZASOWNIK Z -ED

If I hadn't been late for plane yesterday, I would be in Rome now.

If I knew German, I would have got that post.

If you mix red and yellow, you get orange.

IF + PRESENT SIMPLE, + PRESENT SIMPLE